Chronicle Archive / 志錄
Hong Kong Chronicle Archive · undated entries
以下條目原文冇西曆年份（例如只記年號或朝代），故不列入時間軸，但同樣有官方來源同頁碼。 未繫年條目共 7718 條，每頁 200 條，呢度係第 3 / 39 頁。
These entries carry no Gregorian year in the source (e.g. only an era name), so they sit outside the timeline — but each still has an official source and page number. There are 7718 of them, 200 per page; this is page 3 of 39.
逐年條目見 志錄索引；志錄總數 36501 條。 Dated entries live in the archive index; the archive holds 36501 entries in total.
Undated entries, page 3
引用每條都可以引用：按條目下面嘅「引用呢條」，可以揀中文腳註／中文參考書目／APA／Chicago 四種格式並複製。 書名、出版者、年份同頁碼一律由已登記來源同生成檔派生，頁面一條都唔會手寫；年份取來源登記嘅出版年， 來源未登記出版年嘅，引文改用查閱日期並寫明。
Every entry is citable. Press “Cite this entry” for a Chinese footnote, Chinese bibliography, APA or Chicago note — all derived from the registered source and the generated archive, never hand-written. If a registered source has no publication year, the citation prints the access date and says so.
《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事） Hong Kong Chronicles: Overview and Chronology (c. 5000 BC–2017, over 6,500 events)
中文腳註香港地方志中心，《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事），2020，頁 〈頁碼〉，/chronicle/archive/undated/3#〈條目編號〉。
APAHong Kong Chronicles Institute (2020). Hong Kong Chronicles: Overview and Chronology (c. 5000 BC–2017, over 6,500 events) (p. 〈頁碼〉). /chronicle/archive/undated/3#〈條目編號〉
《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育 Hong Kong Chronicles, Nature: Environmental Protection and Conservation
中文腳註香港地方志中心，《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（查閱日期 2026-10-18），頁 〈頁碼〉，/chronicle/archive/undated/3#〈條目編號〉。
APAHong Kong Chronicles Institute. Hong Kong Chronicles, Nature: Environmental Protection and Conservation (p. 〈頁碼〉). Accessed 2026-10-18. /chronicle/archive/undated/3#〈條目編號〉
《香港志·自然》建置與地區概況（人口） Hong Kong Chronicles, Nature: Territory, Geography and Population
中文腳註香港地方志中心，《香港志·自然》建置與地區概況（人口）（查閱日期 2026-10-18），頁 〈頁碼〉，/chronicle/archive/undated/3#〈條目編號〉。
APAHong Kong Chronicles Institute. Hong Kong Chronicles, Nature: Territory, Geography and Population (p. 〈頁碼〉). Accessed 2026-10-18. /chronicle/archive/undated/3#〈條目編號〉
《香港志·自然》自然環境 Hong Kong Chronicles, Nature: Natural Environment
中文腳註香港地方志中心，《香港志·自然》自然環境（查閱日期 2026-10-18），頁 〈頁碼〉，/chronicle/archive/undated/3#〈條目編號〉。
APAHong Kong Chronicles Institute. Hong Kong Chronicles, Nature: Natural Environment (p. 〈頁碼〉). Accessed 2026-10-18. /chronicle/archive/undated/3#〈條目編號〉
《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態 Hong Kong Chronicles, Nature: Natural Resources and Ecology
中文腳註香港地方志中心，《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（查閱日期 2026-10-18），頁 〈頁碼〉，/chronicle/archive/undated/3#〈條目編號〉。
APAHong Kong Chronicles Institute. Hong Kong Chronicles, Nature: Natural Resources and Ecology (p. 〈頁碼〉). Accessed 2026-10-18. /chronicle/archive/undated/3#〈條目編號〉
Substitute the entry’s page number and ID (shown as 〈頁碼〉／〈條目編號〉) into the pattern above. The same templates, plus rules and limits, are in the citation block of /api/v1/archive.json.
At the start of reform and opening up, Hong Kong businessmen invested actively in the mainland, setting four "national firsts": the mainland's first Sino-foreign joint venture, its first jointly built expressway, its first foreign bank branch, and its first five-star joint-venture hotel.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.45
From the early 1950s, China Resources Company served as the general agent in Hong Kong for China's import and export enterprises.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.269
The reporting covers four categories: community involvement, operating practices, environmental protection, and the quality of the working environment.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.600
The scheme establishes an interactive learning platform for SMEs to learn sustainable development methods and share successful experiences.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.603
The scheme initially emphasised that business operations must balance the sustainable development requirements of environmental protection, society and employees.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.603
The American dentist Noble was at once an educator, entrepreneur, newspaper proprietor and physician, and took part in organising the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese; in the late nineteenth century he acquired the Dairy Farm Company and invested in Green Island Cement, the Hongkong Electric Company, the Hongkong Tramways and the Hongkong Hotel, among others.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.51
The Commerce and Economic Development Bureau set up an office named "Create Hong Kong" to take on the responsibility of promoting the growth of Hong Kong's creative industries.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.657
San Miguel Brewery (Philippines) built a brewery in Sham Tseng, Tsuen Wan.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.270
The first edition was divided into three award levels, namely the Diamond Award, the Emerald Award and the Ruby Award.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.603
A total of 25 organisations took part in the assessment in the first year, covering government departments, public bodies and private enterprises, and those meeting the standard received the Pioneer logo.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.599
Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing amended the Listing Rules and introduced a "comply or explain" requirement to oblige companies to disclose environmental, social and governance information.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.600
The board of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation agreed to let representatives of the three German firms Siemssen, Melchers and Reiss enter its board.
來源 《香港志·自然》建置與地區概況（人口）（香港地方志中心） · p.486
Trade between Italy, Hong Kong and Macao is promoted by a chamber of commerce, which also provides a platform for Italian companies operating in Hong Kong and Macao.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.541
Under the themes of those two editions, the Sustainable Development Goal awards were divided into Gold, Silver and Bronze levels.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.603
The original social responsibility index is also maintained, thereby providing participating organisations with a basic level of social responsibility assessment.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.599
In the cash award portion, Gold Award winners receive HK$60,000, Silver Award winners receive HK$30,000 and Bronze Award winners receive HK$10,000.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.603
Cheung Kong (Holdings) Limited has its headquarters in the Central and Western District of Hong Kong.
來源 《香港志·自然》建置與地區概況（人口）（香港地方志中心） · p.83
The scheme's selection subjects covered mathematics, English writing, history and geography, and constitutional and international law.
來源 《香港志·自然》建置與地區概況（人口）（香港地方志中心） · p.730
Cadets Meares, Clementi and Grantham successively served as Governors of Hong Kong.
來源 《香港志·自然》建置與地區概況（人口）（香港地方志中心） · p.731
Cadet candidates had to be nominated by the Secretary of State for the Colonies, with an age limit of 20 to 23, and were eligible without knowledge of Chinese.
來源 《香港志·自然》建置與地區概況（人口）（香港地方志中心） · p.730
A selected cadet received an annual salary of £200, rising to £400 upon appointment as a government interpreter.
來源 《香港志·自然》建置與地區概況（人口）（香港地方志中心） · p.730
Four cadets, Sayer, MacDougall, Black and Tisdall, were promoted to Colonial Secretary.
來源 《香港志·自然》建置與地區概況（人口）（香港地方志中心） · p.731
The Dongguan County Gazetteer and the Xin'an County Gazetteer record disasters since the Song dynasty, such as severe thunderstorms, severe droughts, typhoons, frost and snow.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.241
The Eastern Extension and Great Northern telegraph companies provided meteorological reports to the Observatory free of charge.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.363
From 1961 to 2020, there were three years in which Hong Kong recorded an annual mean relative humidity below 75%.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.291
From 1961 to 2020, there were four years in which Hong Kong recorded an annual mean relative humidity of 80% or above, with 2012's 80.8% being the highest among them.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.289
From 1998 to 2017, the average ratio of annual potential evapotranspiration to annual rainfall infiltration in Hong Kong was 0.456.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.430
January recorded the lowest monthly averages of the year: a dew point temperature of 11.7 degrees Celsius, a wet-bulb temperature of 14.0 degrees Celsius, and a vapour pressure of 14.2 hectopascals.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.289
From January to June, 9.00 megajoules per square metre was the upper limit of the monthly average daily direct solar radiation, with the lowest value of 4.68 megajoules recorded in March.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.318
From February to April, the average number of foggy days recorded was 0.07 days.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.309
From April to September, soil temperature decreases with depth, that is, the shallow layer is higher than the deep layer, while from October to March of the following year the reverse holds, with the deep layer higher than the shallow layer.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.321
From June to September, the wind direction changes at the 700 hPa, 500 hPa and 400 hPa levels are: first southwesterly, then southerly, and finally easterly.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.325
Around early July, the Pacific subtropical ridge extends westward to South China and moves north, bringing Hong Kong into a clear, hot midsummer.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.249
In July, the monthly mean dew point temperature was 25.2 degrees Celsius, the monthly mean wet-bulb temperature was 26.3 degrees Celsius, and the monthly mean vapour pressure was 32.1 hectopascals, all the highest among the months of the year.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.289
From July to December, the monthly mean sunshine exceeds 160 hours, with 197.3 hours in July and the highest at 197.8 hours in October, when the sunshine percentage of 55% is the highest of the year.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.314
In the fifth month of summer in 815, a storm surge occurred in the South China Sea, which contemporaries called ta chao.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.241
Ngong Ping has an average annual wind speed of 26.5 kilometres per hour.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.297
Local ecological researchers likewise divide Hong Kong's seasons into a wet season, lasting from about late March to October, and a dry season covering the remaining months.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.223
The team led by Chan Ying-yen conducts research on climate change and health, disaster prevention and mitigation, and the heat stress index, among other areas.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.413
Chen Zhongliang led a team from City University of Hong Kong to study the physical processes involved in the frequency, structure and movement of tropical cyclones.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.413
Sailors could inquire about weather information from the Observatory free of charge via telegraph companies.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.363
Spring is the fog season in Hong Kong, and coastal areas facing the southeast, including Victoria Harbour, are affected by sea fog.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.248
In spring, from about March to May, dry cold continental air meets warm moist maritime air, bringing cloudy rainy and humid foggy weather.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.248
This observation was intended to forecast frost and assist agricultural development.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.177
From the surface to the tropopause, the temperature gradient increases with height, and from June to August each year the temperature gradient reaches its maximum near the tropopause.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.326
Temperatures in highland areas such as Tai Mo Shan, Ngong Ping and The Peak are lower than in areas near sea level.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.280
Tai Mo Shan recorded the highest rainfall in Hong Kong, about thirty per cent more than the rest of the territory.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.103
Tai Mo Shan has an average annual wind speed of 25.1 kilometres per hour.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.297
When the technology of the "small vortex" system matured, the World Meteorological Organization promoted its use among many member states.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.409
When El Niño occurs, winter and spring rainfall in Hong Kong tends to be above normal; during La Niña, autumn and winter temperatures are relatively low.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.223
After the end of the Second World War, several countries proposed reorganising the International Meteorological Organization to become the World Meteorological Organization.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.416
From about 2.58 million years ago to the present in the Quaternary, cyclical climate changes caused large fluctuations in sea level.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.35
In winter, the monsoon blows from the temperate zone in the north towards Hong Kong, driving the China Coastal Current from the East China Sea and other places into the South China Sea.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.273
In winter, cold weather occurs more often in inland areas of the New Territories than in the urban areas.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.280
In winter, the nighttime temperature difference between inland areas of the New Territories and urban areas is relatively large, and can exceed 10 degrees Celsius when there is little cloud and a light breeze.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.280
In winter, from about December to February, Hong Kong is mainly affected by northeast winds, and strong cold air reaching Hong Kong causes cold surges.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.248
In winter, when winds are weak, rural valleys cool at night through radiative cooling, and by early morning the temperature difference between different areas of Hong Kong can reach 10 degrees Celsius.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.249
The geopotential height at the tropopause changes little, at about 17,000 to 18,000 geopotential metres.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.326
In the early twentieth century, the Observatory's range for receiving meteorological reports gradually expanded to cover Pratas Island and islands of the northwestern Pacific, as well as the Korean Peninsula, Vietnam, North China, the Yangtze River basin, Yunnan and Indochina.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.414
In the early 20th century, the Hong Kong Observatory continued research on topics such as typhoons and sea fog along the China coast.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.408
At the end of the Second World War, Hong Kong recorded an average of about 25 cold days per year; by the 1980s this figure had dropped noticeably, and by around 2000 only about 10 days remained.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.338
After World War II, the Observatory added warnings for strong monsoons, thunderstorms, fire danger, frost, landslides, and rainstorms.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.243
After the end of World War II, the Observatory resumed releasing pilot balloons.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.262
This phenomenon is related to global industrial expansion increasing atmospheric aerosols and reducing sunlight reaching the ground.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.333
The cooler climate and abundant moisture of the highlands provide an ideal growing environment for various ferns.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.472
Upper-air disturbances occasionally occur once a day and trigger heavy rain, thunderstorms, squall lines and hail.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.249
According to records, from December to February the mean daily temperature in Hong Kong rose by about 1.32 degrees Celsius per century.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.226
According to observations from the King's Park meteorological station, Hong Kong receives an average annual global solar radiation of 13.23 megajoules per square metre.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.316
According to records at the Observatory headquarters, the mean sea-level pressure in August over the thirty years from 1991 to 2020 was 1005.2 hPa, the lowest reading among all months of the year.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.293
According to records from the Hong Kong Observatory headquarters, low visibility occurs for an average of 825.8 hours per year; by month, January averages 142.9 hours, the highest of any month, while June averages only 11.5 hours, the lowest of the year.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.312
The observations cover the daily mean air pressure, maximum, mean and minimum air temperature, wind direction and wind force, relative humidity, weather conditions, and rainfall.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.250
Waglan Island lies in the waters to the southeast of Hong Kong, and its wind speed data reflect conditions in the open sea.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.343
Waglan Island records the east-northeast wind most frequently throughout the year, with an annual average wind speed of 22.9 kilometres per hour.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.295
LiDAR can detect wind shear such as downslope winds, sea-breeze fronts and lee waves under clear skies.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.410
Subsequently, the Hong Kong Observatory installed more thermometers at various depths.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.177
Temperatures are higher in densely populated and built-up areas such as the Observatory Headquarters in Tsim Sha Tsui and Tuen Mun.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.280
King's Park lies within Victoria Harbour, and because of the sheltering effect of the hills and buildings of the Kowloon Peninsula and Hong Kong Island, winds there are relatively weak.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.343
Data from the King's Park meteorological station show that Hong Kong records an average of 1829.3 hours of sunshine per year, with the ratio of actual annual sunshine duration to possible sunshine duration averaging 41%.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.314
The King's Park meteorological station records an annual mean evaporation of 1,204.1 millimetres, while potential evapotranspiration is 1,010.8 millimetres.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.321
The temperature rise rate at the King's Park meteorological station is higher than at the Observatory headquarters, initially averaging nearly 1 degree Celsius lower and having caught up in recent years.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.335
Data collected by radiosonde at the King's Park meteorological station show that from 1957 to 2020, temperatures on the isobaric surfaces from 850 hPa to 200 hPa, that is, up to about 12 kilometres in the middle troposphere, recorded a sustained upward trend.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.347
About 20,000 to 18,000 years ago, ocean levels around the world were roughly 120 metres lower than at present.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.36
Air quality was the main research area of Chen Wen-nian and Yan Hong-lin.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.413
Li Yuguo's research areas include the urban heat island effect, urban climate, and building ventilation.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.413
The annual total of maximum rainfall over three consecutive days rose from 327.7 millimetres to 338.7 millimetres, an increase of 3.4%.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.340
In winter, temperatures in Hong Kong fall because of continental anticyclones, as the northerly winds are dry and cold; on the hills temperatures may drop to freezing point, but on the lowlands temperatures rarely fall below 5°C.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.33
March is the month with the least sunshine in Hong Kong each year, averaging only about 100 hours, while from July to December the monthly average sunshine all exceeds 160 hours.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.224
During March and April each year, Hong Kong is often quite humid, and visibility drops because of fog and misty rain.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.34
From May to November each year, rising sea temperatures in the western Pacific favour the formation of typhoons, with July to September being the most frequent period.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.27
June to September is Hong Kong's rainy season, during which average monthly rainfall reaches over 300 mm, the highest of any months in the year.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.234
Summer runs from June to August each year, and once the southwest monsoon stabilises, precipitation in Hong Kong caused by troughs often peaks in June.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.249
In the first half of each year (January to June), sunshine hours are generally low, with only 101.7 hours in February and 100.0 hours in March; March's sunshine percentage is only 27%, the lowest among all months of the year.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.314
From around December to March of the following year, the direction of the winter monsoon shifts, blowing from the temperate regions of the north towards Hong Kong.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.272
The rainy season in Hong Kong runs from May to September each year, during which precipitation reaches about 80% of the annual total.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.223
Around the summer solstice each year, the sun passes directly over Hong Kong twice, and the sun's elevation angle is relatively high throughout the year, giving greater radiation.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.247
The last two months of the year are the most pleasant period in Hong Kong, with abundant sunshine and light breezes; in the first two months of the new year, cloud cover expands, cold fronts occasionally cross the territory, and northerly air flows with low humidity accompany them.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.34
At 1:30 pm daily, the Naval Headquarters, the Harbour Office, the telegraph companies and three English newspapers each received by special messenger the meteorological records issued by the Observatory that day.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.363
The South China Sea Warm Current has a water temperature of about 29 degrees Celsius and a salinity of about 34.5 PPT.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.272
Temperatures in the lower stratosphere are highest in late summer and early autumn, while temperatures in the upper stratosphere are highest in spring.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.326
The Chinese-language radio station ZEK, established afterwards, has also continuously broadcast the Observatory's weather reports, forecasts and typhoon warnings.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.365
The Observatory conducts verification and calibration of meteorological instruments at some observation stations.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.414
The Xin'an County Gazetteer of the Jiaqing reign (Qing) records that Guangdong has no snow in winter, seasons like summer, and autumn upon a single rain.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.223
In late autumn, high pressure covers mainland China, and Hong Kong is affected by dry northerly airflows, bringing fine and dry weather.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.249
Under global warming, Hong Kong's sea level rises by 31 mm every 10 years.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.276
During the Japanese occupation, the Observatory's regular meteorological observations were interrupted.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.242
If hourly rainfall of 30 mm or more is taken as the criterion, Hong Kong's annual average number of heavy rain days rises by 0.2 days per decade.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.338
The Sheung Shui River basin has a rainfall of 1,588 mm, the lowest among all basins.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.426
The World Meteorological Organization is an intergovernmental organisation under the United Nations framework.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.416
After the first Director, Doberck, took office, meteorological cooperation between the Hong Kong Observatory and places outside Hong Kong began.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.414
The pattern of change in total solar radiation is basically consistent with observations in South China and with the global dimming phenomenon.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.345
Tam Chi-yung's research areas include monsoons, tropical meteorology, climate prediction, and the impact of urbanisation on extreme weather.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.413
In the Tang dynasty, Liu Xun recorded in his book Lingbiao Luyi the connection between the tap tide phenomenon and typhoons in the Guangzhou area.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.241
Tang dynasty documents record that Lingnan was struck by typhoons and by storm surges known as tap tides.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.241
The Observatory provides inspection and calibration services for meteorological instruments to observation stations and ships, aiming to maintain the accuracy of observational data.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.363
The Observatory later installed the same system at the King's Park meteorological station to measure the black globe wet-bulb temperature.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.323
The meteorological station at the Observatory Headquarters has not been relocated for over a hundred years, making it one of the few stations in the world to have observed at a fixed location for more than a century.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.331
The daily minimum grass temperature at the Observatory Headquarters and Ta Kwu Ling in July was the highest for that month, with monthly mean values of 26.2 degrees Celsius and 25.2 degrees Celsius respectively.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.321
The Observatory headquarters recorded an annual average of 11.6 haze days, with the highest monthly average of 2.5 days in January and the lowest monthly average of 0.5 days in July.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.310
The Observatory Headquarters averages 3.7 days of fog and 0.2 days of dense fog per year.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.309
Data from the Observatory Headquarters show that during the thirty years from 1991 to 2020, the mean sea-level pressure in January and December was the highest of the year, both recording 1020.1 hPa.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.293
During the same period, temperatures at about 14 to 20 kilometres in altitude at the top of the troposphere and the bottom of the stratosphere decreased in Hong Kong.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.348
Soil temperature rises and falls with the seasons, being higher in summer and lower in winter, and this trend is consistent at all measurement depths.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.321
The observation equipment at Victoria Peak is relatively complete, including a barometer, dry- and wet-bulb thermometers, an anemometer and a rain gauge.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.251
In summer, the temperature differences among soil layers are relatively narrow; in winter, these differences widen significantly.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.321
In summer, rock surface temperatures on Hong Kong's rocky shores often exceed 50 degrees Celsius, higher than the level most rocky-shore species can tolerate.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.281
In summer, inland areas of the New Territories experience more hot weather than urban areas, but fewer hot nights.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.280
From about June to September, the southwest monsoon blows from the tropics to Hong Kong, bringing warm and humid air.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.272
The earliest surviving document recording a storm surge in Hong Kong is the Tang dynasty poet Liu Yuxi's 'Song of the Surging Tide'.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.241
In December, the mean significant wave height at Waglan Island is 1.73 metres and at West Lamma 0.37 metres.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.275
In January, the mean significant wave height at Waglan Island is 1.62 metres and at West Lamma 0.29 metres.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.275
In Hong Kong, rainfall and the number of rainy days are highest in June and August and lowest in January and December.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.299
Hong Kong's rainfall peaks in June, a prelude to China's Meiyu front rainy season.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.27
Hong Kong's mean monthly evaporation in July is 142.0 mm and the potential evapotranspiration for the same month is 113.8 mm, both being the highest of the year; both figures are lowest in February.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.224
The average annual rainfall varies significantly across different regions of Hong Kong, being relatively high in the highlands and relatively low in the northwest New Territories and the southern outlying islands, with a difference of over 1000 millimetres.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.299
The sea level rise recorded by Hong Kong's tide gauge stations is broadly consistent with satellite remote sensing data and records from other stations along the South China Sea coast.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.349
Relative humidity at Tai Mo Shan, Ngong Ping, Cheung Chau and Tap Mun in Hong Kong exceeds 80%; relative humidity in Sai Kung and Tseung Kwan O is higher than in Tuen Mun and Chek Lap Kok.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.289
Hong Kong is located in the subtropics, and its climatic conditions allow plant families and genera from both tropical and temperate origins to coexist.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.471
Hong Kong lies in the subtropics, with a climate characterised by a distinct rainy season and high evaporation, and its rivers are generally short and its terrain steep.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.47
Hong Kong lies in a subtropical climate zone, where temperatures are on the high side for most of the year and warm, humid air masses from the tropical ocean frequently affect the territory.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.33
June and August have the highest rainfall and number of rainy days in Hong Kong, while January and December have the least.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.223
Hong Kong's rainfall occurs mainly from May to September each year, and the rainfall during this period accounts for about 80% of the annual total.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.299
Hong Kong's annual mean dew point temperature is 19.3 degrees Celsius, the annual mean wet-bulb temperature is 20.9 degrees Celsius, and the annual mean vapour pressure is 23.7 hPa.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.289
Hong Kong's annual mean temperature is 23.5 degrees Celsius, with a mean daily minimum of 21.6 degrees and a mean daily maximum of 26.0 degrees.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.223
Fog days in Hong Kong occur mainly in February, March and April, with monthly average fog days of 1.1, 1.47 and 0.83 respectively.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.309
Winter sea temperatures in Hong Kong are not excessively low owing to the influence of a branch of the Kuroshio Current.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.273
The number of days with daily rainfall of 50 mm or more recorded in the highland areas of Hong Kong is greater than in northwestern New Territories and the southern outlying islands.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.299
Annual average rainfall varies markedly across Hong Kong, at about 1,400 mm around Tung Ping Chau and over 3,000 mm near Tai Mo Shan.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.170
Temperatures across Hong Kong can differ by up to 10 degrees Celsius, with inland areas in northern New Territories being warmer than coastal areas.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.224
The average annual rainfall varies considerably across Hong Kong, with about 1400 millimetres on Tung Ping Chau and over 3000 millimetres in the area around Tai Mo Shan.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.34
Average annual rainfall varies across Hong Kong: it is higher in hilly areas and lower in the northwestern plains of the New Territories and on offshore islands.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.249
Hong Kong's monitoring of meteorological and geophysical phenomena has accumulated nearly 140 years to date.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.27
January to February is the coldest period in Hong Kong each year, with occasional frost and extremely rare snowfall.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.27
Hong Kong's annual rainfall can exceed 2400 millimetres, of which about 80% is concentrated from May to September.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.244
Hong Kong averages 139.9 rain days per year, with a normal annual rainfall of 2431.2 millimetres and a mean annual relative humidity of 78%.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.223
Hong Kong records over 2400 millimetres of rainfall each year, belonging to a climate type with high temperatures and abundant rain.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.27
The peak period for tropical cyclones affecting Hong Kong each year is generally from July to September.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.247
About one quarter of Hong Kong's annual rainfall comes from precipitation brought by tropical cyclones.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.247
Hong Kong's annual average evaporation is 1,204.1 mm, while the annual average potential evapotranspiration is 1,010.8 mm.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.224
Hong Kong's annual rainfall is 2,431 millimetres, with about 80% of the rain recorded between May and September.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.170
Hong Kong's annual maximum one-day rainfall increased from 203.4 millimetres to 210.4 millimetres, an increase of 3.4%.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.340
Hong Kong records an average of 4.2 days per year with daily rainfall of 100 millimetres or more, of which 3.6 days occur from May to September.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.299
Hong Kong has a hot and rainy climate, with an average annual rainfall exceeding 2400 millimetres.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.35
About eighty per cent of Hong Kong's annual rainfall occurs between May and September; the wettest months are generally June and August, while January and December record the least precipitation.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.34
About 85% of Hong Kong's annual rainfall is recorded during the six months from April to September.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.434
Hong Kong's annual average relative humidity is 78%, with monthly averages from March to August all above 80%, while November and December are 72% and 70% respectively.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.289
Hong Kong has an annual average of 139.9 days with recorded rainfall, and the normal annual rainfall is 2,431.2 millimetres.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.299
Hong Kong's annual mean cloud amount is 68%; March, April and June are the cloudier months with monthly means of 77%, while December is the lowest of the year at only 57%.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.309
Hot nights in Hong Kong occur as early as May and as late as October.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.336
When the Hong Kong Heat Index reaches around 30 degrees Celsius, the public needs to take precautions against heat.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.323
Hong Kong has a subtropical monsoon climate, with an annual mean temperature of 23.5 degrees Celsius and an average annual rainfall of 2,431.2 millimetres.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.241
Research by the Hong Kong Observatory estimates that urbanisation has caused the temperature recorded at the Observatory to rise by about 0.8 degrees Celsius per century.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.333
The Hong Kong Observatory first transmits meteorological data by telegraph to the Cape D'Aguilar radio station, then releases it to ships at 1 p.m.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.364
The Hong Kong Observatory was designated by the World Meteorological Organization as one of eight global centres, with duties including collecting marine meteorological data and compiling the Marine Climatological Summaries.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.366
The Hong Kong Observatory has set up nineteen rainfall observation points in the catchments of the territory's nine major rivers.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.426
The Hong Kong Observatory Headquarters is located on the Kowloon Peninsula, and the King's Park meteorological station is also in that district; the Headquarters was affected earlier by urban development around Tsim Sha Tsui.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.335
Hong Kong is located near the Tropic of Cancer and has a subtropical climate, with hot and humid weather throughout the year and rainfall showing a distinct seasonal distribution.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.211
The four seasons in Hong Kong are fairly distinct: spring is characterised by heavy moisture and fog, summer is windy, rainy and hot, autumn is short and cool, and winter is affected by cold fronts.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.34
The first systematic meteorological observations in Hong Kong using scientific instruments on record were the aforementioned activities.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.250
In July, Hong Kong generally experiences fine weather lasting about one to two weeks, and it may sometimes last longer.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.34
From May to August each year, Hong Kong's climate is muggy with high humidity, and showers and thunderstorms occasionally occur.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.34
Lau Ngar-cheung of The Chinese University of Hong Kong leads research on the structure and dynamics of atmospheric circulation systems.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.413
Hong Kong is located south of the Tropic of Cancer, about 120 kilometres from the line.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.27
Daily temperature ranges are relatively pronounced in rural inland areas, while daily temperature ranges in urban and coastal areas are relatively slight.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.249
In inland areas of the New Territories, both the rate of temperature decrease at night and the rate of temperature increase during the day are higher than in urban areas.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.280
Inland areas of the New Territories have lower temperatures at night than urban areas, while daytime temperatures are higher than in urban areas.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.280
Research indicates that without aircraft reconnaissance data, 24-hour forecast errors would increase.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.411
A branch of the Kuroshio current, with a water temperature of about 29 degrees Celsius, raises the temperature of the ocean current flowing north from the south.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.273
A branch current originating from the Kuroshio first flows north through the Luzon Strait of the Philippines into the western Pacific, then turns back south into the South China Sea.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.273
On an annual basis in Hong Kong, an average of 13.4 days per year record daily rainfall of 50 mm or more, of which 11.2 days occur between May and September.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.299
From 15,000 geopotential metres downwards, seasonal differences narrow with decreasing height; during summer, the relative humidity of the troposphere as a whole is at its highest level.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.326
From 1961 to 2020, only three years recorded an annual mean relative humidity below 75% in Hong Kong, with 1963's 73.1% being the lowest among the three.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.289
During the transition from a glacial period to an interglacial period, sea level rises may have exceeded 140 metres.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.35
From the end of the Second World War until 1952, Hong Kong recorded fewer than 10 very hot days each year.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.337
Because it is located near the Tropic of Cancer, Hong Kong has a subtropical monsoon climate.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.222
Owing to continued urbanisation in Hong Kong, the urban heat island effect has become pronounced, and temperature differences between districts are also quite marked.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.280
At the Observatory headquarters, the most frequent wind direction throughout the year is easterly, and the annual mean wind speed reaches 9.9 kilometres per hour.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.295
About 120,000 years ago during an interglacial period, the global average temperature was the highest in 400,000 years, and sea levels were about 4 to 6 metres higher than today.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.35
Around April, upper-air disturbances advancing eastward in a wave pattern gradually and frequently affect the South China region.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.248
The lowest monthly averages of evaporation and potential evapotranspiration were recorded in February, at 60.4 millimetres and 54.7 millimetres respectively.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.321
Observations of cloud amount, sea surface conditions and weather were carried out at Victoria Peak, Cape D'Aguilar and Green Island respectively, while at Stonecutters Island only rainfall was recorded.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.251
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