Chronicle Archive / 志錄
Hong Kong Chronicle Archive · undated entries
以下條目原文冇西曆年份（例如只記年號或朝代），故不列入時間軸，但同樣有官方來源同頁碼。 未繫年條目共 7718 條，每頁 200 條，呢度係第 10 / 39 頁。
These entries carry no Gregorian year in the source (e.g. only an era name), so they sit outside the timeline — but each still has an official source and page number. There are 7718 of them, 200 per page; this is page 10 of 39.
逐年條目見 志錄索引；志錄總數 36501 條。 Dated entries live in the archive index; the archive holds 36501 entries in total.
Undated entries, page 10
引用每條都可以引用：按條目下面嘅「引用呢條」，可以揀中文腳註／中文參考書目／APA／Chicago 四種格式並複製。 書名、出版者、年份同頁碼一律由已登記來源同生成檔派生，頁面一條都唔會手寫；年份取來源登記嘅出版年， 來源未登記出版年嘅，引文改用查閱日期並寫明。
Every entry is citable. Press “Cite this entry” for a Chinese footnote, Chinese bibliography, APA or Chicago note — all derived from the registered source and the generated archive, never hand-written. If a registered source has no publication year, the citation prints the access date and says so.
《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態 Hong Kong Chronicles, Nature: Natural Resources and Ecology
中文腳註香港地方志中心，《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（查閱日期 2026-10-18），頁 〈頁碼〉，/chronicle/archive/undated/10#〈條目編號〉。
APAHong Kong Chronicles Institute. Hong Kong Chronicles, Nature: Natural Resources and Ecology (p. 〈頁碼〉). Accessed 2026-10-18. /chronicle/archive/undated/10#〈條目編號〉
《香港志·自然》自然環境 Hong Kong Chronicles, Nature: Natural Environment
中文腳註香港地方志中心，《香港志·自然》自然環境（查閱日期 2026-10-18），頁 〈頁碼〉，/chronicle/archive/undated/10#〈條目編號〉。
APAHong Kong Chronicles Institute. Hong Kong Chronicles, Nature: Natural Environment (p. 〈頁碼〉). Accessed 2026-10-18. /chronicle/archive/undated/10#〈條目編號〉
《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育 Hong Kong Chronicles, Nature: Environmental Protection and Conservation
中文腳註香港地方志中心，《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（查閱日期 2026-10-18），頁 〈頁碼〉，/chronicle/archive/undated/10#〈條目編號〉。
APAHong Kong Chronicles Institute. Hong Kong Chronicles, Nature: Environmental Protection and Conservation (p. 〈頁碼〉). Accessed 2026-10-18. /chronicle/archive/undated/10#〈條目編號〉
《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事） Hong Kong Chronicles: Overview and Chronology (c. 5000 BC–2017, over 6,500 events)
中文腳註香港地方志中心，《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事），2020，頁 〈頁碼〉，/chronicle/archive/undated/10#〈條目編號〉。
APAHong Kong Chronicles Institute (2020). Hong Kong Chronicles: Overview and Chronology (c. 5000 BC–2017, over 6,500 events) (p. 〈頁碼〉). /chronicle/archive/undated/10#〈條目編號〉
《香港志·自然》建置與地區概況（人口） Hong Kong Chronicles, Nature: Territory, Geography and Population
中文腳註香港地方志中心，《香港志·自然》建置與地區概況（人口）（查閱日期 2026-10-18），頁 〈頁碼〉，/chronicle/archive/undated/10#〈條目編號〉。
APAHong Kong Chronicles Institute. Hong Kong Chronicles, Nature: Territory, Geography and Population (p. 〈頁碼〉). Accessed 2026-10-18. /chronicle/archive/undated/10#〈條目編號〉
Substitute the entry’s page number and ID (shown as 〈頁碼〉／〈條目編號〉) into the pattern above. The same templates, plus rules and limits, are in the citation block of /api/v1/archive.json.
Since the late 1970s, research teams formed by several Hong Kong tertiary institutions and the Institute of Geography of the Chinese Academy of Sciences have conducted surveys on the extent of soil contamination in rural and urban areas.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.176
Since the late 1980s, the water quality of Hong Kong's marine waters has continued to improve.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.503
Starting from 2002, the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department broadcast reminders at the main entrances of country parks and at locations prone to hill fires to urge those paying respects to ancestors to be careful with fire, and placed relevant publicity materials there.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.82
From the 1960s to the 1980s, the Hong Kong Government established twelve landfills successively.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.262
From the 1950s to the 1970s, as Hong Kong's population continued to grow, the marine environment was damaged by sewage discharge, fishing operations, land development and reclamation.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.55
As urban development is mostly found in flat areas, some remote forested areas in deep mountain valleys have suffered relatively minor damage, allowing more species to escape extinction.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.472
Because Mirs Bay and Port Shelter are far from the urban core and have no large towns or livestock farms within their hinterlands, the water quality at both locations is good.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.376
Due to unsatisfactory practicality and cost-effectiveness, the Environmental Protection Department did not use remote sensing technology for routine marine water monitoring.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.372
The Keep Hong Kong Clean Campaign, jointly organised by the Conservancy Association and the Urban Council, also covered beach cleaning work.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.480
Thais clavigera is often used as a bioindicator for monitoring the level of tributyltin pollution.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.427
Monitoring of the distribution and diversity of benthic organisms is carried out by Hong Kong universities.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.387
A study analysing two landslide cases recommended incorporating soil water absorption capacity into the calculation of slope safety factors.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.207
Studies have shown that low visibility in Hong Kong is closely related to the concentration of suspended particles with a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometres in the air.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.347
A study on the hills of Tai To Yan shows that the slopes there suffered topsoil erosion due to hill fires, resulting in losses of carbon and nitrogen.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.207
Of the 16 monitoring stations, 9 recorded mostly data meeting the standard of below 70 dB(A).
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.404
In the late 1980s, the inland areas of many beaches had not yet been provided with sewage pipes, or had misconnections, causing sewage to discharge directly onto the beaches.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.385
Before that stage, low-level radioactive waste generated by the industrial, medical and educational sectors was mostly stored in disused tunnels and within hospital premises.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.274
During the above period, the water quality of the Dongjiang water supplied to Hong Kong met the requirements of Class II level under a national environmental quality standard.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.57
引用名稱法例／計劃 《地表水環境質量標準》（Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water）
Between 1986 and 2017, the Kai Tak River catchment recorded the highest average flow among Hong Kong's various catchments.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.430
More than 95% of recovered waste is exported for recycling.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.413
The Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department placed artificially propagated Hong Kong croton in shaded areas of the Tai Tong Nursery greenhouse, where the seeds produced by these plants achieved a germination rate of up to 65%.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.177
Through the Nature Appreciation Charter and the Countryside Code, the AFCD calls on the public to respect nature when out in the countryside and not to disturb or take away marine life.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.433
The Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, together with the police, conducts enforcement operations from time to time against illegal tree felling.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.519
The Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department successfully propagated rare and endangered plants by seed collection, cuttings and air layering, examples being the Keteleeria, the red-skinned camellia and the big-bracted camellia.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.177
The Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department provides metal buckets at suitable locations in country parks for visitors going to grave-sweeping to burn joss paper.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.82
The Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department carried out planting and propagation in the countryside involving three rare or endangered plants, namely Keteleeria fortunei, Camellia granthamiana and Camellia crapnelliana, with the aim of promoting plant diversity and increasing the relevant populations.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.36
For Aquilaria sinensis trees that have been felled or cut, the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department applies anti-fungal tree paint to the wounds.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.519
The Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, in accordance with the requirements of the Convention on Biological Diversity, strives to prevent and address various risks caused by invasive alien species based on a risk assessment mechanism.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.520
The Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department collects samples at 26 fish culture zones and 5 offshore sampling stations at regular intervals to monitor the occurrence of harmful algae and red tides.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.380
The Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department propagates rare and threatened plant species through the establishment of nurseries for ex-situ conservation.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.507
About 57,000 cubic metres of soil were found to contain metals, semi-volatile organic compounds and total petroleum hydrocarbons.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.515
About 380,000 Hong Kong people have long suffered from aircraft noise.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.192
The Guangdong and Hong Kong Water Supply Company Limited monitors water quality within the coverage of the Dongjiang-Shenzhen Water Supply Scheme.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.52
In the 1800s, the core objectives of afforestation included microclimate regulation, improved sanitation and disease prevention.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.68
Before the 1970s, many country park hills in Hong Kong were not planted with trees by hand, and large areas of barren land were distributed on Hong Kong Island and in Kowloon.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.435
Before 1972, the policy addresses delivered by the Governor did not contain a separate chapter specifically discussing environmental affairs, and related waste disposal and air pollution issues appeared only incidentally within the content on housing and social development.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.194
Landslides occurring several days after heavy rain are often larger in volume because the rise in groundwater level and infiltration of surface water into the soil take time.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.207
Landslides occurring during rainstorms are usually small in scale, with a volume of less than 5 cubic metres.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.207
On both sides of urban roads, in parks and recreational grounds, soil is often trampled by pedestrians, causing the surface soil to be over-compacted, and the situation is quite serious.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.209
Within the urban area, the proportion of clay falls from 7.2% in the surface layer to about 1.9% in the bottom layer, which is lower than that of natural soil.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.208
In urban environments, soil formed from weathered granite is generally acidic; however, owing to the influence of calcium-rich construction waste, its pH increases upwards through the soil profile, and calcium ions account for over 80 per cent of the soil's total exchangeable base ions.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.216
In spring, stratospheric ozone penetrates the tropopause and moves downward toward the surface, causing ozone concentrations at about 10 km to rise to 80 ppbv, higher than in other seasons.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.331
During that 30-year period, the overall compliance rate of Mui Wo River and Tung Chung River remained above 90%.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.396
Pollutants detected at the site include total petroleum hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene, all at concentrations exceeding safe levels.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.514
During that survey, asbestos materials in the school premises that posed an immediate hazard to public health were removed.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.240
Under the scheme, a total of 162 poultry farmers surrendered their licences.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.291
Among the various Hong Kong soils, anthropogenic Udorthents and Orthic Gleysols have the highest heavy metal content.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.200
In the area governing the water quality of Deep Bay, a total of thirteen rivers and streams in northwestern New Territories were included in the monitoring list.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.395
Keeping livestock in the control area requires a licence issued by the Director of Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation, and compliance with relevant regulations.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.290
Within marine parks, fishing is regulated through a permit system; in marine reserves, fishing is prohibited entirely.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.37
In terms of toxic substance concentrations in the marine environment, Hong Kong's condition is comparable to that of coastal waters in Japan, the United States and Australia.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.387
For a long period, the compliance rate for total inorganic nitrogen remained within the range of 60% to 70%.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.507
The environmental scoring criteria cover pollution prevention and control, sustainable use of resources, and strategies for addressing climate change.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.599
At an earlier stage, the decline in total solar radiation was related to air pollution in the region.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.345
In the first two years of each monitoring cycle, toxic substances in seawater, sediment and marine organisms were tested; in the third year, the focus shifted to inspecting possible pollution sources and discharges from streams and stormwater drains.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.386
During the peak hill fire season from September to April each year, staff of the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department's Hill Fire Control Centre and members of firefighting teams are on 24-hour shift standby.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.83
When the climate is dry and affected by strong winds, fires spread significantly faster through sparse vegetation.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.81
Applying wallpaper or tiles to walls can reduce radon concentrations by 25% to 50%.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.369
In coastal waters with heavy vessel traffic such as Tsing Yi and Butterfly Beach, there are relatively more cases of imposex in Thais clavigera.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.388
Imposex is relatively rare in Thais clavigera collected in Clear Water Bay and Sai Kung.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.388
During the Japanese occupation, Hong Kong's forests and plantations were extensively felled, turning hillsides into flammable grassland and scrub.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.81
Among easily perishable waste, domestic waste accounted for about 66%, while food waste made up about 86% of its composition.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.411
In the early stages of implementing quantity-based waste charging in Taipei and Seoul, waste generation and disposal both decreased by about 30%.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.262
Within the special waste category, sewage treatment plant sludge accounts for the highest proportion.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.418
In soil samples, the concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls ranged from 0.22 to 154 micrograms per kilogram, with no significant differences between areas.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.211
In Tolo Harbour, Mirs Bay and the waters of the Southern District, total phytoplankton density is relatively high; of 932 red tide incidents, about 70% occurred at these three locations.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.381
Green-lipped mussels collected in Tolo Harbour and the inner Tolo Channel of Mirs Bay showed better integrity, while samples from Ma Wan, Sok Kwu Wan and Tsim Sha Tsui showed relatively low integrity.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.387
In implementing the ten-year programme, the Environmental Protection Department assessed that wall-type noise barriers offered limited help to residents on higher floors, and therefore chose to install noise enclosures on sections with taller buildings on both sides, causing the overall cost to rise to $3.1 billion.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.247
In the northwest, Tsuen Wan and the southern district of Hong Kong Island, beach water quality is generally weaker, with annual ratings mostly at poor or very poor levels.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.385
In Hong Kong, the cadmium, chromium and lead levels in green mussels were all within the local legal limits for shellfish food.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.387
In Hong Kong, landslides are the main form of slope failure, while rockfalls are relatively rare.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.207
Among the greenhouse gases emitted in Hong Kong, carbon dioxide was the main component, accounting for more than 80% of the total.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.366
In Asia, Hong Kong was the first to carry out research on toxic air pollutants.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.232
During the transitional period of the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from Britain to China, several environmental protection campaigns involved diplomatic affairs between China and Britain as well as bilateral links between mainland China and Hong Kong.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.491
For conservation work at priority sites, non-governmental organisations may apply to the Government for funding and enter into management agreements with landowners.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.59
Among the remaining seven monitoring stations, Sha Lo Wan recorded the highest noise level, with Tsing Lung Tau ranking second.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.404
Among the threats to afforestation work, hill fires have surpassed illegal felling and pests and diseases to become the foremost.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.81
During designated restricted hours, construction noise or industrial and commercial noise is subject to the "Acceptable Noise Level".
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.246
The number of trees and seedlings destroyed by fire rose from tens of thousands to more than 1 million.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.81
In earlier years, Hong Kong extracted sand and gravel from various beaches for reclamation, which once led to over-extraction.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.105
Jim Chi-yung conducted research at the University of Hong Kong on the physical and chemical properties of soils at roadside and urban parks.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.208
Jim Chi-yung collected soil samples from various districts of Hong Kong and at different soil depths, and the results showed that there are significant differences between urban soils and natural soils.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.208
After the war, because large areas had to be planted in a short time to prevent soil erosion, the authorities adopted the method of broadcasting seeds.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.65
The Conservancy Association focused on river, marine, air pollution and noise issues in its early years, promoting environmental education through publications and talks.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.470
Such tree belts with special functions are called fire belts.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.82
These seven Tsuen Wan beaches were subsequently reopened one after another.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.287
This cross-regional coastal clean-up operation is customarily held on the third weekend of September each year.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.480
This set of drainage facilities lowered the groundwater level by 5 to 15 metres.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.524
Analysis of 138 soil samples found that 57% of them contained trace amounts of DDT, DDD and DDE at concentrations ranging from 2.03 to 1,118 micrograms per kilogram, a proportion that excludes samples with no detection and those only at detectable levels.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.211
Monitoring of the green mussel Perna viridis reflects that the integrity of lysosomal membranes varies among different waters.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.387
The campaigns against night flights at Kai Tak Airport, the oil refinery facilities on Lamma Island and the Sha Lo Tung property project all ultimately achieved their demands.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.492
Soil studies on landslides pointed out that the organic matter, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil of the upper reaches of the Lam Tsuen River were all adversely affected by landslides.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.207
Testing of the collected water samples involved over forty physical, chemical, and biological parameters.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.389
A ten-year study of the South East New Territories Landfill showed that planting pioneer tree species such as Taiwan acacia, white popinac and ivy tree can improve soil nutrients.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.217
The copper content in the surface layer of normal podzolic soil reaches 87 mg per kg, far above the baseline range.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.200
Several heavy metals in normal potential acid sulphate soils far exceed baseline levels, and are mostly found in mudflats and mangroves.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.200
The government has explored various ways of establishing firebreaks in order to reduce the area affected by hill fires.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.208
The government allocated HK$100 million to establish the Sustainable Development Fund.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.185
Both the Government Laboratory and government-accredited private laboratories are responsible for testing pollutant levels.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.387
In recent years the Government has promoted fire prevention messages to rural residents through District Fire Prevention Committees, Rural Committees and the Heung Yee Kuk.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.82
To control water quality, the Government implemented the Harbour Area Treatment Scheme, established water quality objectives, and set up water control zones.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.278
The government planted trees in catchments to reduce soil erosion by rain and thereby prevent siltation of catchwaters and reservoirs.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.51
Sodium bisulphite dechlorination was subsequently added to remove residual chlorine before discharge.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.287
The central waters comprise four water control zones, including Tseung Kwan O, Victoria Harbour, the Western Buffer and the Eastern Buffer.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.377
CLP adopted the Environmental Protection Department's recommendation to introduce nitrogen oxide reduction technology, becoming the first power plant in Hong Kong to install low-nitrogen burners.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.233
CLP's two power stations at Lung Kwu Tan and Castle Peak are considerable in scale and located close to each other, resulting in a relatively notable impact on nitrogen dioxide concentrations in Tuen Mun District.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.365
The Central and Western District and Tsuen Wan monitoring stations are equipped with monitoring facilities for collecting toxic air pollutant samples.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.349
The centre provides support and facilities for upcycling and also regularly runs guided tours, workshops and exhibitions.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.476
The centres promote environmental protection through green living workshops, exhibitions, and ecological, geological and cultural guided tours.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.477
The centre aims to promote village employment and preserve local culture and ecology.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.476
The Pearl River Estuary adjoins the North Western Water Quality Control Zone, which covers the north and west of Lantau Island, as well as Tuen Mun, Sha Chau and Lung Kwu Chau.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.506
Economic development and urbanisation in the Pearl River Delta have increased nutrients and pollutants in the Pearl River.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.507
The influence of Pearl River discharge on the western part of the Southern District is particularly evident during the peak flow of the summer rainy season.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.507
Marine works projects such as cross-sea bridges, submarine tunnels, and cable and pipeline laying can also cause changes to the seabed topography.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.52
At the time the database was established, 64 listed companies participated, of which more than 20 were among the top 100 companies by market capitalisation in Hong Kong.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.600
Paphiopedilum purpuratum faces a survival crisis due to illegal collection and is assessed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.509
Since the late 1960s, nature conservation work in Hong Kong has focused mainly on biological species, with relatively weak attention to geology and landforms.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.56
Since its establishment in 1994, the fund has cumulatively provided funding for over 5,000 projects, involving nearly HK$3 billion.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.439
Since the mid-2000s, water quality in several major rivers of Deep Bay has continued to improve.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.140
From the end of World War II to the early 1970s, afforestation programmes had largely achieved tree cover over most areas within the catchments.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.69
The Nature Conservation Management Agreement Scheme covers five sites, including Sha Lo Tung, Lai Chi Wo, Tai Long Sai Wan, Long Valley and Fung Yuen.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.472
Since the mid-19th century, Hong Kong's rivers have gradually been channelised, with the earliest works mainly distributed in Hong Kong Island and Kowloon.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.525
Since trawling was banned, fish and crustacean populations or trophic levels have increased in the waters on both the eastern and western sides of Hong Kong.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.275
The EcoPark, located in Tuen Mun Area 38, was the first facility built in Hong Kong with the aim of promoting the recycling industry.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.275
O.PARK1 can process 200 tonnes of source-separated food waste per day and convert this food waste into biogas for electricity generation.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.276
O·PARK1 is responsible for treating food waste.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.270
T·PARK in Tuen Mun District is Hong Kong's first self-sustaining sludge treatment facility.
來源 《香港志·自然》建置與地區概況（人口）（香港地方志中心） · p.150
The Lingbiao Luyi was written by Liu Xun of the Tang dynasty and describes the connection between typhoons and the ta chao phenomenon along the Guangzhou coast.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.590
The Xin'an Xianzhi was compiled during the Jiaqing period of the Qing dynasty, and its section on mountains and waters states that from the first to the third and the sixteenth to the eighteenth days of the fifth lunar month, tide levels reached their peak, a phenomenon commonly called by the people 'dragon boat water'.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.590
In 1558 (the 37th year of the Jiajing reign of the Ming dynasty), drought occurred in Hong Kong and the surrounding region.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.598
In the fourth month of summer in 1565 (the 44th year of the Jiajing reign of the Ming dynasty), drought occurred in Hong Kong and surrounding areas, with each dou of rice selling for one qian of silver.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.598
From April to May 1636 (the 9th year of the Chongzhen reign of the Ming dynasty), drought occurred in the Hong Kong area, with each dou of rice selling for one qian and six fen of silver, and the county government distributed grain to relieve the starving.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.598
In April 1686 (the 25th year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing dynasty), the Hong Kong area experienced continuous rain for many days, with accumulated water reaching over a zhang and all dwellings collapsing.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.593
In 1686 (the 25th year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing dynasty), Hong Kong and neighbouring areas suffered drought and the rice crop failed.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.598
In 1786 (the 51st year of the Qianlong reign of the Qing dynasty), Hong Kong experienced droughts in both autumn and winter, along with a severe famine.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.598
Between 1917 and 1941, the Observatory issued hurricane signals 10 times; after the end of the Second World War, such signals were recorded 16 times.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.622
Based on the 100-year return period for annual maximum sea levels, North Point and Quarry Bay recorded 3.98 metres, Tai Po Kau recorded 5.04 metres, and Tsim Bei Tsui and Tai O recorded 4.56 metres and 4.20 metres respectively.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.350
In the tenth month of the eighth year of the Kaibao reign of the Northern Song, i.e. between November and December 975, typhoons and heavy rain were recorded.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.704
When a typhoon strikes Hong Kong, wave heights may rise to 6.8 metres and may cause storm surges.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.274
Located in the Pacific typhoon belt, Hong Kong is frequently affected by gales, rainfall and storm surges caused by typhoons.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.225
After the end of the Second World War, the Observatory reintroduced the tropical cyclone warning system that had existed before the war.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.621
The statistical table shows that the return period for a 4-metre extreme sea level has exceeded 100 years, reflecting that climate change is making extreme sea levels more frequent.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.350
According to records, from 1948 to 2020, Hong Kong received reports of sleet and snowfall on only 10 days in total.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.284
By examining past maximum sea level data and applying extreme value statistical techniques, the maximum sea levels that Hong Kong's coastal areas may reach under specified return periods can be estimated.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.349
Whenever a tropical cyclone gradually approaches Hong Kong, its accompanying heavy rain sometimes lasts for several days and often causes landslides and flooding.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.34
During the Liu Song period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Shen Huaiyuan compiled the Nanyue Zhi, which records that the Xi'an area was frequently affected by typhoons, usually arising in the sixth and seventh months.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.585
Qing dynasty gazetteers show that in the spring of 1667 (the sixth year of the Kangxi reign), a drought occurred in Hong Kong and its nearby areas.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.598
Owing to climatic factors, Hong Kong is struck by tropical cyclones of varying intensity between May and November, with July to September being the peak typhoon period.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.34
In the second year of the Shaoxi reign of the Song dynasty (1191), Hong Kong and neighbouring areas experienced a drought.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.598
After entering the twentieth century, the Tai Po and Tolo Harbour areas were particularly significantly affected by storm surges.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.591
The Lingbiao Luyi, written by Liu Xun of the Tang dynasty, states that fierce winds powerful enough to destroy houses and break trees were named 'ju'.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.585
In the preface to 'Ta Chao Ge', the Tang dynasty literatus Liu Yuxi stated that at the end of the fifth month of summer in the tenth year of the Yuanhe reign, fierce winds stirred up waves that caused the waters of the South China Sea to flood and rise.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.590
The Observatory, together with local universities, jointly developed a tool called the Hong Kong Heat Index to issue very hot weather forecasts to the public.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.616
At the Observatory headquarters, lightning occurs on an average of 55.4 days per year and thunderstorms on 42.3 days per year.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.302
The tidal scene around Tuen Mun appeared in the Tang dynasty poet Liu Yuxi's 'Ta Chao Ge'.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.590
In the 24th year of the Wanli reign (1596), Hong Kong and the surrounding areas suffered a severe drought, with each dou of rice priced at one qian and eight fen of silver, and many people starved to death.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.598
According to documentary records, at the turn of spring and summer in 1664 (the third year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing dynasty), Hong Kong and its neighbouring areas suffered a drought, and rain did not fall until the sixteenth day of the fifth month.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.598
More than 85% of Hong Kong's lightning and thunderstorms occur from May to September.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.302
Five special weather reports have been recorded in Hong Kong in winter, including snowfall, as well as sleet, rime, ice formation and frost.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.284
The names Hong Kong has submitted to the Typhoon Committee include Lionrock and Fungwong.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.585
The northwestern part of the New Territories is low-lying and likewise frequently affected by storm surges.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.591
A local study shows that when elderly people experience two hot days and three hot nights within five consecutive days, their mortality risk increases by 5.9%.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.605
From 1948 until 2020, over a span of 73 years, observations involving rime, sleet and snowfall each occurred only a very small number of times.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.284
With sea levels continuing to rise, the danger posed by storm surges induced by typhoons is increasing at an accelerating rate.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.349
In the 15th year of the Jiajing reign of the Ming dynasty, i.e. 1536 AD, Hong Kong and the surrounding region experienced a severe drought that triggered famine.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.598
In the fifth year of the Tianshun reign of the Ming dynasty (1461), Hong Kong and its neighbouring areas experienced severe drought and food shortage; the county magistrate Wu Zhong proposed disaster relief, and ultimately fifty people each donated no less than seven thousand.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.598
A Civil Aviation Administration of China passenger aircraft departing from Guangzhou arrived in Hong Kong and, while landing at Kai Tak Airport during heavy rain, crashed, slid off the runway and fell into the waters of Kowloon Bay, ultimately killing 7 people and injuring 15.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.607
Sheung Shui Heung held its once-every-sixty-years Tai Ping Ching Chiu, attracting tens of thousands of villagers and members of the public to watch.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.634
Hong Kong society still retains traditional Chinese festivals such as the Spring Festival, Qingming, the Dragon Boat Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival and the Double Ninth Festival.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.78
Among the indigenous residents of the New Territories, the Tin Hau Festival on the twenty-third day of the third lunar month still holds extremely high status, and Tin Hau temples in various districts organize celebrations of the deity's birthday.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.78
The jiao festival on Cheung Chau combines a parade and a bun-snatching event, and in recent years has developed into a representative folk custom of Hong Kong.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.78
Since then, during every Lunar New Year, Guozhen has brought his wife and children to Tai Shui Hang to visit, and the tradition of the Shing clan and the Cheung clan performing the unicorn dance at Lunar New Year has continued to the present.
來源 《香港志·自然》建置與地區概況（人口）（香港地方志中心） · p.690
By the 1990s, Hong Kong's banking system was already characterised as sound and efficient.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.42
Constituent stocks are also rated on factors such as environmental impact, social impact, corporate governance and workplace practices.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.599
The purpose of establishing this index series is to encourage different sectors of society to place greater emphasis on corporate performance in sustainable development and ESG.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.599
This index series is the first of its kind to cover both Hong Kong and the Mainland and to focus on ESG, serving as a reference standard for sustainable investment.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.599
This index series comprises five indices, covering three trading series and two benchmark series.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.599
In selecting its constituent stocks, the index series applies criteria such as market capitalisation, trading volume and listing period.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.599
During the planning of the index, Hang Seng Indexes Company Limited engaged the international research organisation Sustainalytics to carry out assessment work on eligible companies.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.599
The exchange adjusted the closing time from 3:55 pm to 4:00 pm to align it with the close of cash stock trading on the Stock Exchange.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.559
The Monetary Authority announced another batch of measures to stabilise the property market, lowering the mortgage loan cap for self-occupied residential properties priced below $7 million to 60%.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.695
The Hong Kong banking sector has abolished the daily RMB 20,000 exchange quota for local residents.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.693
In the mid-to-late 1980s, the financial industry had developed into the third-largest sector of Hong Kong's economy, smaller only than the import-export trade and real estate industries.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.42
The military scrip issued after the Japanese army took control of Guangzhou was initially exchanged with Hong Kong dollars at a rate of 1 to 1.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.67
The index series selects constituent stocks with reference to the rating results of the Hong Kong Quality Assurance Agency to achieve objectivity and reliability.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.599
The three note-issuing banks, Bank of China, HSBC and Standard Chartered, all have their headquarters in the Central and Western District.
來源 《香港志·自然》建置與地區概況（人口）（香港地方志中心） · p.83
It is said that during the Eastern Jin dynasty, after Lu Xun's uprising failed, his remaining followers moved to Lantau Island to settle, giving rise to the folk tale of the Lu Ting fish people.
來源 《香港志·自然》建置與地區概況（人口）（香港地方志中心） · p.121
Amah Rock is so named because from a distance it resembles a woman carrying a child on her back gazing into the distance.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.60
On Cheung Chau there is a granite cave named Cheung Po Tsai Cave, said to have been used by the Qing dynasty pirate Cheung Po Tsai to store his loot.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然環境（香港地方志中心） · p.66
The Erya, in its 'Explaining Grasses' chapter, already records the fern, showing that the Chinese tradition of using ferns in cooking is long-standing.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.473
Sea cucumber is a Cantonese cuisine ingredient with therapeutic and economic value, but the Holothuria leucospilota commonly found in Hong Kong is not an economically important species.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.432
The Sheung Shui slaughterhouse, built at a cost of $1.8 billion, officially began operation on that day.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.579
The Sheung Shui Slaughterhouse uses modern equipment and advanced technology for livestock slaughtering.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.579
The slaughterhouse in Sheung Shui is one of the largest and most technologically advanced slaughtering facilities in Asia.
來源 《香港志·總述 大事記》（公元前 5000 年至 2017 年，共 6,500 多條大事）（香港地方志中心） · p.579
The Green Hub's vegetarian canteen at the Fanling Environmental Resource Centre uses fresh, low-carbon, seasonal and fair-trade ingredients in its cooking.
來源 《香港志·自然》環境保護與生態保育（香港地方志中心） · p.478
Generally, the plant species contained in 24-flavour tea can exceed twenty, the vast majority of which are dicotyledons.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.496
In Hong Kong, ferns are not commonly eaten, and the edible species are limited, with some such as water fern and Cyathea podophylla being even rarer.
來源 《香港志·自然》自然資源與生態（香港地方志中心） · p.473
As society grew more affluent, some Hong Kong families imported foreign female workers as domestic helpers to meet household needs, and their numbers continued to rise.
來源 《香港志·自然》建置與地區概況（人口）（香港地方志中心） · p.456
From the 1970s onwards, the Hong Kong government allowed foreign domestic helpers to come to Hong Kong for employment on two-year employment contracts.
來源 《香港志·自然》建置與地區概況（人口）（香港地方志中心） · p.384
Data from the Census and Statistics Department shows that 99% of foreign domestic helpers are female, reflecting that the industry is almost entirely staffed by women.
來源 《香港志·自然》建置與地區概況（人口）（香港地方志中心） · p.586
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